Slovak police on Thursday said the new amendment to a traffic law that sets a maximum permitted speed on sidewalks in urban areas does not apply to pedestrians. Several local and international media, including POLITICO, earlier reported that the law — which sets a limit of 6 kilometers per hour — will apply to pedestrians as well. “I must clarify that this is not true,” police Vice President Rastislav Polakovič told Slovak media. “The rule is intended for people using roller skates, scooters, skateboards, skis, or similar sports equipment, as well as cyclists up to 10 years old, including their escorts. The measurements should focus on these groups.” The initial announcement sparked a wave of amusement and confusion on social media, with some internet users wondering whether running to catch a bus could get them fined. The legislation that was updated by the new amendment applies to various sidewalk users. The measure, which will enter into force on Jan. 1, 2026, was introduced to avoid collisions on the sidewalks. “The main goal is to increase safety on sidewalks in light of the increasing number of collisions with scooter riders,” said the author of the amendment, Ľubomír Vážny of the leftist-populist Smer party of Prime Minister Robert Fico, which is part of the ruling coalition. The change drew backlash from the opposition, NGOs and political scientists. “In the Czech Republic, this issue is addressed by banning scooters and e-bikes on sidewalks, while the Slovak approach has led to a rather bizarre piece of legislation,” political scientist Lubomír Kopeček at the Masaryk University in Brno told POLITICO. The cyclist advocacy group Cyklokoalícia (Cycling Coalition) said the legislation is problematic because it pushes children under the age of 10 — who are now allowed to cycle on pavements — into the road.

You can only walk 6 kilometers per hour if you want to follow the law in Slovakia. The Slovak parliament Tuesday afternoon adopted an amendment to the traffic law that sets a maximum permitted speed on sidewalks in urban areas at 6 kph. The limit applies to pedestrians, cyclists, skaters, and scooter and e-scooter riders — all of who are allowed on sidewalks — and aims to avoid frequent collisions. “The main goal is to increase safety on sidewalks in light of the increasing number of collisions with scooter riders,” said the author of the amendment, Ľubomír Vážny of the leftist-populist Smer party of Prime Minister Robert Fico, which is part of the ruling coalition. The amendment will be useful in proving violations, the lawmaker said, “especially in cases where it’s necessary to objectively determine whether they were moving faster than what’s considered an appropriate speed in areas meant primarily for pedestrians.” Although the law will come into force Jan. 1, 2026, proponents haven’t publicly spelled out how they plan to enforce it. The average walking speed typically ranges between 4 to 5 kph. However, the British Heart Foundation reports that a pace of 6.4 kilometers per hour is considered moderate for someone with excellent fitness. The opposition criticized the change, and even the Slovak Interior Ministry said it would be more appropriate to prohibit e-scooters from the sidewalks than impose a general speed limit. Martin Pekár of the opposition liberal party Progressive Slovakia said pedestrians face danger from cars, not cyclists or scooters, and that the amendment penalizes sustainable transport. “If we want fewer collisions, we need more safe bike lanes, not absurd limits that are physically impossible to follow,” Pekár said. “At the mentioned speed, a cyclist can hardly keep their balance,” he added. The amendment has sparked a wave of amusement on social media, with some wondering whether running to catch a bus could get them fined.

PARIS — In France, getting rid of governments is now about as commonplace as complaining about them. François Bayrou is bracing to become the latest prime minister to get the chop on Monday ― primarily because of discontent over his spending plans for next year ― leaving President Emmanuel Macron on the hunt for a fifth PM in less than two years. The political crisis could have ramifications far beyond the halls of power in Paris if lawmakers can’t figure out how to rein in runaway public spending and a massive budget deficit. Here’s everything you need to know about the drama ahead: HE’S DEFINITELY GOING, RIGHT? Yes, it’s pretty much nailed on that Bayrou will fall. Anything else would need a last-minute U-turn from a big chunk of opposition lawmakers, and that would be a massive shock. His fate seem sealed in the hours after he unveiled his plan for a confidence vote late last month, when leaders from the far-left France Unbowed, far-right National Rally and center-left Socialist Party all announced they would vote to bring down the government. Neither Bayrou’s PR blitz nor his meetings with political leaders last week appear to have moved the needle. SO WHAT’S HAPPENING MONDAY? Bayrou is delivering what’s known as a d´eclaration de politique générale (general policy statement), a speech traditionally given at the outset of a prime minister’s tenure to lay out an incoming government’s platform and priorities. (It’s a bit like a state of the union.) The longtime centrist is using this one to make the case for his unpopular 2026 budget. Prime ministers often follow their addresses with a confidence vote to ensure support for their agendas, though they aren’t constitutionally obliged to do so. Bayrou didn’t hold a vote after his January DPG, nor did any of his predecessors during Macron’s second term. Christophe Petit Tesson/EPA This time, he will. Bayrou has tried to frame the vote as a referendum on the need for drastic action to balance the books and has quibbled with the French media’s framing of Monday’s drama as a confidence vote or censure. But in practice, that’s what it is. HOW WILL THE DAY UNFOLD? Bayrou’s speech will begin at 3 p.m. in the National Assembly in Paris, France’s more-powerful lower house of parliament. Representatives from each political party will follow, with each of their speaking times determined by how many seats they have. Then the prime minister will have the opportunity to deliver closing remarks. Voting should take place around 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. and should last about 30 minutes, after which the president of the National Assembly will announce the results. Macron’s office has not yet said whether he will speak following the vote. When ex-Prime Minister Michel Barnier was toppled in December, Macron waited 24 hours to deliver a primetime address. HOW DID WE GET HERE? Let’s rewind to June 9, 2024, when the far-right National Rally scored a huge win in the European election. Macron responded by dissolving parliament, a massive bet that backfired in spectacular fashion. In the ensuing vote, an alliance of left-leaning political parties won more seats than any other political force, but fell short of an absolute majority. After nearly two months without a proper government, Macron’s centrists and the center-right conservatives agreed to form a minority coalition led by former Brexit negotiator Barnier. Barnier lasted three months, taken down in December over his plan to trim the 2025 budget to help rein in runaway public spending. Macron replaced Barnier with Bayrou, who in July presented a plan to squeeze next year’s budget by €43.8 billion to get the budget deficit down from a projected 5.4 percent of gross domestic product this year to 4.6 percent of GDP in 2026. Opposition lawmakers howled in fury at the plan, which included axing two public holidays. In late August, as the French started to trickle back from their summer vacations, Bayrou stunned the country by announcing that he would hold a confidence vote on his spending plans before what were expected to be tense negotiations. SHOULD I CARE? Yes, because the ensuing crisis in the eurozone’s second-biggest economy could drag the entire bloc into a debt-fueled financial crisis, according to Bayrou. France was able to stave off an economic catastrophe during the pandemic and when energy prices shot up at the outset of the full-scale war in Ukraine, in part thanks to massive public spending. Finding a consensus on reining in expenditures has proven difficult, and lawmakers are loath to tighten their belts as aggressively as Bayrou wants. His plan would bring France’s budget deficit down from a projected 5.6 percent of GDP this year to 4.6 percent in 2026. The ultimate goal is to bring that figure down to 3 percent, as required by EU rules, by 2029. Financial institutions and rating agencies have repeatedly warned of consequences should France fail to act, some of which are no longer hypothetical. Borrowing costs are rising, with the yield on France’s benchmark 10-year bonds ― a useful indicator of faith in a country’s finances ― drifting away from historically safe Germany’s yields and toward those of Italy, a country long synonymous with reckless spending and unsustainable debt.   Getting the French to tighten their belts has so far proven to be Mission Impossible, but the situation is not yet so dire that it’s time to call in the IMF. Bayrou, however, is betting his political future that history will prove him right.

Over three-quarters of Europeans live in cities, but their quality of life varies wildly — especially when it comes to factors that have a big impact on health. A group of international researchers developed a new Healthy Urban Design Index (HUDI) to track and assess well-being in 917 European cities, using indicators ranging from access to sustainable public transport and green spaces to air pollution exposure and heat islands.  The tracking tool was developed by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health using data gathered for a study to be published in this month’s Lancet Planetary Health journal. According to its findings there is a clear continental divide in conditions that favor healthy urban living. Analyses reviewed by POLITICO’s Living Cities showed that municipalities in Western Europe — especially in the U.K., Spain and Sweden — received significantly higher scores than comparable cities in Eastern European countries like Romania, Bulgaria and Poland. Natalie Mueller, one of the study’s authors and a researcher at the Barcelona Institute for Global Health and Pompeu Fabra University, said access to public funds plays a major role in this divide. “If there are financial constraints in cities, investing in sustainable and health-promoting urban forms and infrastructures, and defining environmental policies may be probably less of a priority than tackling other more pressing social and economic issues,” she said. Mueller also noted lingering cultural differences in environmental consciousness and the link between urban design and health. “Eastern European cities still have a strong car culture, where cars are still status symbols,” she said, adding that in some areas, active mobility options like cycling are frowned upon. “They still strongly cater to car traffic with necessary infrastructure, which leads to poor environmental quality and worse health outcomes.” By comparison, lower levels of air pollution, greater access to green spaces, and the reduced presence of urban heat islands enabled Europe’s smaller cities, with 50,000 to 200,000 inhabitants, to earn the highest HUDI scores. Topping the list is Pamplona — a regional capital in Spain that lies in a lush valley at the foot of the Pyrenees and that has used the considerable revenues from its annual “Running of the Bulls” festival to invest in active mobility infrastructure.  MADRID MAKES GOOD Earning the highest score among Europe’s urban areas with more than 1.5 million inhabitants was Madrid, another Spanish city. Like other big cities it ranked well on sustainable transport and housing density. However, Madrid’s placement was remarkable given that the Spanish capital routinely violated the EU’s air quality rules until 2023. Urbanism Councilor Borja Carabante told POLITICO this was precisely why the city had adopted aggressive measures to improve its expansive public transport system. “We’re the first EU capital to have a completely clean urban bus system,” he said, highlighting the number of electric or zero-emissions mass transport vehicles in the network. “We also have Europe’s largest low-emissions zone.” Carabante explained that the public transport initiatives accompanied subsidies for residents seeking to replace their cars or boilers with more sustainable models, or wanting to install e-charging stations in their buildings. Madrid is also taking on major infrastructure projects while building on the success of the Madrid Río regeneration project, which buried a major swathe of the capital’s ring road to recover the Manzanares River. | Jesus Hellin/Europa Press via Getty Images Madrid is also taking on major infrastructure projects while building on the success of the Madrid Río regeneration project, which buried a major swathe of the capital’s ring road to recover the Manzanares River. Work is currently underway on a scheme to redirect a major highway underground and to reconnect five neighborhoods that have been divided since 1968. The redeveloped 3-kilometer area will be a green axis with trees, playgrounds and space for pedestrians and cyclists.  Carabante said the project is emblematic of the city’s commitment to becoming a more desirable — and healthier — place to live. “While cities like Berlin, Rome, Paris and London continue to surpass the nitrogen-dioxide levels considered safe for humans, Madrid has drastically reduced it, complying with European standards, and has become a healthier, more pleasant and more sustainable city than ever before.” Citing examples from the study, Mueller emphasized there are plenty of low-cost measures that local authorities can implement to improve well-being within their municipalities. “You can open up streets and blocks to give people space to walk and cycle, as they’ve done in Barcelona’s superblocks, in London’s low-traffic neighborhoods or Berlin’s Kiezblocks,” she said. The researcher also recommended replacing parking spots with trees and other greenery to protect locals from deadly heat, or to prioritize public transport investments to boost connectivity and slash fares. Using the example of Amsterdam — which went from being a car-choked, smoggy port city in the 1970s to a global model for urban well-being — Mueller stressed that consistent long-term action is the key to making Europe’s cities healthier. Of course, the kind of measures that improve well-being in urban landscapes can be a challenge for municipal leaders, who are up for reelection every four years and are under pressure to prefer projects with immediate results. But Mueller urged them to think big.  “Building healthier urban infrastructure needs long-term, sustained investments,” she said. “Sometimes over many decades.”

In the early morning hours of March 8, 2020, the lives of Milan’s more than 1 million residents were radically upended. Just three weeks earlier, a 38-year-old man had become the first resident of Italy’s northern Lombardy region to test positive for Covid-19. And after more locals developed symptoms, authorities placed a handful of towns under quarantine, with red zones declared to keep residents from spreading the mysterious new respiratory virus. During those first days of the crisis, few thought that Milan, the country’s economic powerhouse, would ever face similar restrictions. But the unthinkable became inevitable as the number of confirmed cases spiked, and on that Sunday in March, then-Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte held an emergency press conference to announce that Italy’s second-largest city was locked down. It was the beginning of an extraordinary period that would see Milan be transformed by measures that would ultimately endure far beyond the crisis. Pierfrancesco Maran — at the time a municipal councilor in charge of the city’s powerful urbanism portfolio — recalls feeling shocked when he heard the decision. “It all seemed incredible,” Maran, now a lawmaker in the European Parliament, told Living Cities in an interview. “We couldn’t believe that such dramatic measures were being adopted.” Leading up to lockdown, Milan was experiencing a “fantastic moment” in its history, Maran explained, with the city’s fortunes trending up since hosting the 2015 World Expo. Its shift from industrial capital to a global hub of innovation, tourism and prosperity was finally being consolidated. “As a city councilor, it was difficult for me to accept the that the lockdown was the only way forward,” he said. “But it was also clear that all other attempts to contain the pandemic weren’t working.” LA NUOVA NORMALITÀ Milan’s lockdown was the first to affect a major European city. But within days, the rest of the continent’s metropolitan regions would find themselves under similar conditions. The entirety of Italy was declared a red zone just 48 hours after the harsh restrictions were imposed on the capital of Lombardy. Countries like Spain, Belgium and France would follow suit just days later, and by the end of the month, every European country — and, indeed, much of the world — had quarantine rules in place. Maran said that by virtue of being one of the first cities to be subject to a lockdown, Milan was among the first to start working on “a gradual, post-pandemic reopening” — an ambitious plan that reimagined the urban landscape to prioritize access to public spaces. “Our strategy had the reconquest of public space at its core,” he explained, emphasizing that the outdoors was “the safest space from the point of view of contagion.” But, he added, the city’s approach aimed to make the most of the “extraordinary opportunity” provided by a lockdown that was, at the time, keeping everyone at home. “That made it possible to do things that would have otherwise been very difficult, if not impossible,” he said. “We created cycle paths on the main city arteries to manage the reduced capacity of public transport, promoted smart working, and substantially liberalized the possibility for bars and restaurants to place tables outside.” The city’s tactical Strade Aperte urbanism plan capped speed limits on roads at 30 kilometers per hour, widened sidewalks, and saw the installation of low-cost temporary cycle lanes throughout the city. And Milan’s approach to la nuova normalità — “the new normal” — quickly became an example for other cities across Europe. In Brussels, authorities similarly rolled out temporary cycling infrastructure and set 20 kilometer per hour speed limits within the Pentagon zone — the area encircled by the city’s inner ring road — where pedestrians and bikers were given priority. Meanwhile, Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo moved to make pandemic terraces permanent and put French-Colombian academic Carlos Moreno’s 15-minute city model at the heart of her successful reelection campaign. The impact of these Milan-inspired measures were far-reaching, with air quality improving in urban areas throughout Europe. They were also enthusiastically embraced by city dwellers, who overwhelmingly supported making many of the temporary changes permanent. LASTING IMPACT Today, five years after the crisis began, Maran said he’s proud to see so many of “the most drastic changes adopted during the pandemic now consolidated as integral elements” in cities that are no longer threatened by Covid-19. The temporary cycle paths installed during Milan’s lockdown have blossomed into over 100 kilometers of new bike lanes, and smart working schemes have become standard in the countless businesses based in the capital of Lombardy. But Maran also noted that some of the other omnipresent lockdown practices — like public hand sanitizer dispensers or the use of face masks — were shunted as soon as the pandemic was brought under control with the roll-out of the Covid-19 vaccine. “I don’t think we’ve left these things behind for economic reasons or anything like that, but rather because they remind us too much of that period,” he said. This modern desire to forget the pandemic isn’t unusual — our ancestors had the same reaction to the similarly devastating Spanish Flu pandemic of 1919. Once its impact subsided, the world rushed to move on, and just five years after the disease claimed between 50 million and 100 million lives, the 1924 Encyclopedia Britannica failed to even mention it in its review of the 20th century’s most significant events. “I think most people want to erase anything that makes them think about it explicitly,” Maran observed. “It’s only been five years since it happened, but nobody wants to talk about it.” But while the general public can try to forget the trauma, local authorities don’t have that luxury, Maran said. And in its aftermath, municipal governments now have specific plans to put into action for the future pandemics experts say our cities will inevitably face. “We now all have pandemic management plans that are regularly updated, and our administrations have developed structures that allow us to work in even the most daunting emergency situations,” he said. “This experience has left us prepared to face a similar emergency, whenever it might arise.”

BRUSSELS — Jens Stoltenberg’s father had some advice for his son when he became secretary general of NATO a decade ago: It’s going to be a boring gig. No one will be sending that message to Mark Rutte, who takes over from Stoltenberg at the head of the military alliance Tuesday. Rutte, the longtime Dutch prime minister, will have been in the job for just a month when he confronts the toughest of geopolitical challenges — a U.S. presidential election that may prove a make-or-break moment for the Western alliance, which has been the bedrock of Europe’s peace and security since the end of the Cold War. “You can expect to see Rutte regularly in the U.S. after November,” said a NATO diplomat, granted anonymity to speak freely. That will be all the more true if Donald Trump wins the Nov. 5 presidential vote. Trump has been consistently critical of NATO, warning alliance members to contribute more “because if it’s not for the United States, NATO literally doesn’t even exist.” Trump has also said he wants to end Russia’s war against Ukraine through negotiation rather than by helping Kyiv fight back. Rutte was once dubbed the “Trump whisperer” — but that was back when Europe wasn’t dealing with a full-scale war on its own soil. Even if the more Ukraine-sympathetic Kamala Harris wins the White House, Rutte will still have a hard time striking a balance among NATO’s 32 allies. Many of them have pressured Washington (and Berlin) to remove restrictions on Kyiv’s ability to use advanced Western weapons to strike directly at military targets in Russia, a move the Biden administration sees as escalatory. Rutte may have to confront a make-or-break moment for the Western alliance. | Petras Malukas/AFP via Getty Images Washington will also be watching to see if NATO countries increase defense spending. Eight of its European member countries aren’t meeting the target — laid down a decade ago — of spending 2 percent of GDP on defense. Under Rutte, Dutch governments consistently failed to reach that spending goal. The country is only set to honor the commitment this year. “It will be essential for SG Rutte to push hard on rapidly and urgently raising European defense spending. This will be particularly important for him to clearly demonstrate, given the Netherlands’ poor record on defense spending over the last decade,” Elbridge Colby, a senior defense official in the former 2017-2021 Trump administration, told POLITICO. “The trajectory for a sustainable, workable transatlantic alliance is very clear: Europe must take the lead in its own defense,” Colby said. “The United States cannot do everything and must focus on Asia sooner or later, ideally ASAP.” Rutte could not be reached for comment. He will speak to the media for the first time in his new post on Tuesday. But he will take over a NATO that is now assuming part of what used to be a U.S.-led initiative to oversee the transfer of Western weapons to Kyiv. The mechanism was one of his predecessor Stoltenberg’s main projects in his last few months in the job. “I continue to believe that if we had armed Ukraine more, after 2014 [the annexation of Crimea], we might have prevented Russia from invading. At least we would have increased the threshold for a full-scale invasion,” Stoltenberg said in an interview with POLITICO on Monday. Rutte’s term will not just be about the U.S. The Baltic countries will also be judging his performance, having questioned his prior dismal defense spending record and lack of engagement with the region. Romania, meanwhile, didn’t want Rutte to get the NATO top job in the first place, pushing instead for its own president, Klaus Iohannis. “On many occasions Rutte has emerged as an experienced European statesman and helped a lot to ensure steadfast support to Ukraine. Thus, we also expect him to take into account and set his priorities or attention to the security challenges of the frontline states,” Lithuanian Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis told POLITICO. Since stepping down as Dutch PM, Rutte has largely avoided the spotlight, giving NATO’s July summit in Washington a miss because he wasn’t yet in his new role. He did, however, organize a summer beach party in the Netherlands for his closest aides and former office staff. Rutte is expected to include up to five Dutch officials in his top team at NATO, in line with administrative tradition. The Dutchman — who is known for cycling around The Hague — will also have to adapt to more invasive security arrangements in Brussels, including taking up a gated residence on the edge of the Bois de la Cambre park.